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Numerous other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.


Another widely known WISE-affiliated organization is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications consist of Government Innovation and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Federal government is a department of e. Republic that was established in 1999 - Scientology Perth. Internet ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology enterprise.


This section requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the type of powerful or respected people. Though it has actually obtained some reliability as a religion in lots of nations, Scientology has actually likewise been described as both a cult and a commercial business.

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For instance, it has been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game individuals it perceives as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.


Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against legal representative Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of presence" might be viewed as "threatening to established social organizations".


From 1952 up until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.

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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Debate followed the church pop over to this site on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).




Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less view it now than IRS had actually initially demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.




Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet survey run by the presidential shift team getting public input for the incoming administration. Scientology Perth.

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State Department has actually criticized Western European nations for discrimination versus Scientologists in its released annual International Religious Freedom report, based upon the International Religious Flexibility Act of 1998. In some countries Scientology is treated legally as a company, and not as a faith or charitable company. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license charges sent to the US. The word Scientology (and numerous associated terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a signed up hallmark. Religious Innovation Center, the owner of the hallmarks and copyrights, takes a hard line on people and groups who try to utilize it in ways unaffiliated with the official Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of certain elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was produced with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated among the biggest penetration of United States federal firms ever committed by an organization not connected with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).




In the trial like it which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense devoted by these defendants is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, workplace, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No individual or company was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.

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The Church has likewise in the past utilized aggressive strategies in resolving those it sees as trying to suppress them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially outlined by Hubbard as part of a policy called fair game. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its creator.


Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb hazards in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which might have sent out Cooper to jail for a lengthy term. The Church's plan was discovered at the exact same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.