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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and organizations belong to the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits using Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management seeks advice from to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which uses a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section needs growth. You can help by including to it. In order to help with the ongoing expansion of Scientology, the Church has actually made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has actually achieved some credibility as a religion in lots of countries, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and an industrial business.
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For example, it has actually been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Fair Game individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, numerous Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, murder and tampering with witnesses in French cases, destructive libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religions in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of visibility" may be viewed as "threatening to developed social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology remained in 52 countries by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit company.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as websites number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as identified in an internet poll run by the governmental transition group obtaining public input for the incoming administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular aspects of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office positioned at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later organized and devoted among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not associated with a foreign federal government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The crime committed by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No individual or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has likewise in the past used aggressive techniques in resolving those it views as trying to reduce them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first laid out by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Perth Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have been handled by Cooper, Scientologists forged bomb threats in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which might have sent Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was found at the same time as its my blog Operation Snow White actions were exposed.